Recent developments have marked a significant shift in Bangladesh-Pakistan bilateral relations. These developments include the resumption of trade and the enhancement of military cooperation between the two countries, which are expected to impact South Asia’s geopolitical and economic dynamics.
Bangladesh and Pakistan have followed divergent political paths since the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Diplomatic relations, trade, and cultural ties remained largely severed for a long period following this war. The two countries had minimal cooperation, particularly in economic and military sectors, maintaining predominantly cold relations. However, with the transition to an interim government led by Muhammad Yunus after Sheikh Hasina’s administration and various shifts in regional dynamics, their bilateral relations went through several critical developments.
In February 2025, direct trade between Bangladesh and Pakistan resumed, marking the revival of economic ties after 50 years. A concrete example of this process is Bangladesh’s agreement to purchase 50,000 tons of rice from Pakistan. This agreement signifies not only the restoration of trade relations but also a strategic step towards rebuilding and strengthening economic ties while fostering regional trade.[1]
The resumption of trade is likely to pave the way for broader economic cooperation that goes beyond specific goods. This provides a chance to not only foster economic growth but also enhance long-term cooperation opportunities and contribute to shifts in regional politics. Bangladesh’s recent rapid economic transformation highlights the strategic importance of such trade agreements. Meanwhile, Pakistan, grappling with economic difficulties, continues its efforts to diversify external trade. Restoring trade relations with Bangladesh offers new markets and economic opportunities for Pakistan, while providing Bangladesh with a chance to establish a robust economic partnership with a neighboring country. This cooperation could facilitate both nations in achieving their economic growth objectives.
Military cooperation between Bangladesh and Pakistan has also seen significant advancements. In early February, the Chief of Bangladesh’s Navy met with the Chief of Pakistan’s Army in Rawalpindi to discuss maritime cooperation and participation in multinational military exercises, signaling potential future developments. This meeting, which was the second time they got together within a month, represents a crucial step toward strengthening defense cooperation. Especially enhanced maritime collaboration holds critical importance in developing a joint stance against regional threats and ensuring South Asia’s maritime security.[2]
Bangladesh has recently undergone substantial political transformations, seeking to strengthen their military capacities in the region while Pakistan continues to be a prominent military actor in South Asia. A military cooperation between these two countries could strengthen both of their strategic and defense security capacities by complementing each other. Collaborative efforts against regional security threats could enhance both countries’ defense capabilities.
Growing Bangladesh-Pakistan cooperation has the potential to reshape South Asia’s geopolitical balance. India, one of the dominant powers in the region, may perceive this alliance as a balancing factor to their influence. This new alliance could limit India’s influence in the region and escalate regional competition.
India has been closely observing this new era of Bangladesh-Pakistan relations. As an economically and militarily strong actor, India could develop a careful strategy against this partnership. Considering India’s border tensions and past military conflicts with Pakistan, a long term cooperation between Bangladesh and Pakistan could significantly impact Indian foreign policy.[3]
China’s expanding influence in the region is another crucial factor. China has established a strategic partnership with Pakistan and increased its influence in the region. The role that China plays could add complexity to South Asia’s power dynamics. In this context, how Bangladesh and Pakistan will navigate their strategic relations with China should also be observed.
The economic and military cooperation between Bangladesh and Pakistan could directly impact security and economic matters in the region. Reestablishment of trade relations may stimulate economic growth and accelerate South Asia’s economic integration. Such collaborations could present significant opportunities for regional development as well as ensure regional stability. Moreover, military cooperation, particularly in maritime security and multinational exercises, could foster further defense collaboration.
The transformation in Bangladesh-Pakistan relations represents a development that could potentially influence South Asia’s geopolitical and economic dynamics. The resumption of trade, strengthened military cooperation, and reshaping regional strategic goals will affect the bilateral relations in the future. External factors such as India’s regional role, China’s influence, and security threats will foreseeably maintain their importance. This new era of Bangladesh-Pakistan relations holds the potential to impact not only South Asia but also global geopolitics.
[1] “Bangladesh and Pakistan resume direct trade after more than 50 years”, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-pakistan-resume-direct-trade-after-more-than-50-years-2025-02-24/ (Accessed: 26.02.2025).
[2] “Bangladesh Navy Chief meets Pakistan Army Chief in Rawalpindi”, The Economic Times, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bangladesh-navy-chief-meets-pakistan-army-chief-in-rawalpindi/articleshow/118096193.cms#google_vignette (Accessed: 26.02.2025).
[3] “Bangladesh and Pakistan Are Changing South Asia’s Geopolitical Landscape”, The Diplomat, https://thediplomat.com/2025/01/bangladesh-and-pakistan-are-changing-south-asias-geopolitical-landscape/ (Accessed: 26.02.2025).
